Australia can break the impasse in combating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander disadvantage by identifying and emulating elements of success, instead of constantly focusing on failures to deliver meaningful change.
This is the key finding of a landmark report into the social and emotional wellbeing of Indigenous youth, released at a UNSW research symposium on October 10 2013.
UNSW’s Muru Marri, which looks at Indigenous health and wellbeing, set out to learn from successful public health programs, systematically isolating and analysing the key factors in achieving real progress, to create a blueprint for policy makers, service providers and Indigenous communities.
The report – The Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Indigenous Youth: Reviewing and Extending the Evidence and Examining its Implications for Policy and Practice – identifies the importance of tapping into knowledge from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities to deliver effective and sustainable youth programs.
The work, commissioned by the former Commonwealth Department of Families, Housing, Communities and Indigenous Affairs, includes in-depth case studies, with six outstanding programs across Australia informing the report.
Researchers found the programs shared common processes such as addressing the cause of poverty and other determinants of health as well as current issues; building on the strengths of culture, community and family; using a ‘bottom-up’ approach; and recognising the importance of leadership from Elders.
The report’s lead author, UNSW Associate Professor Melissa Haswell, says the study affirms that programs that authentically embed Aboriginal ways of being and doing could assist youth to achieve profound changes in their life trajectory.
“Based on the evidence in this report, guided by Aboriginal communities themselves, we have to ask ourselves as a society ‘What do we really want for our disadvantaged youth … how committed are we to making appropriate resources available to close the gap in youth opportunity and potential?’” she said.
The Fifth Annual Research Symposium, hosted by the School of Public Health and Community Medicine brings together UNSW, local and international experts on Indigenous public health, including Patricia Anderson, Chairperson of the Lowitja Institute, Professor Michelle Chino, University of Nevada, UNSW’s Professor Lisa Jackson Pulver and other leading researchers from Muru Marri and the School, the Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre and the Kirby Institute at UNSW.
Other research topics to be discussed include:
- Racism: a public health issue
- The social determinants of Indigenous health
- A campaign to cut cannabis use among Indigenous young people, the gunja brain story
- Sexual health
- Aboriginal health and ageing
- The social and cultural resilience and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal mothers in prison
- Identification of Aboriginality in general practice
- The best way to devise and assess health programs for Indigenous populations
Out thanks to Melissa Sweet for her continued support of NACCHO media
When it comes to improving Indigenous health, what works?
By Lisa Jackson Pulver on behalf of Muru Marri
Given their numbers and the billions of dollars spent on them, it is surprising how little is known in the wider community about the support programs which work in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. More important, why they work has rarely been studied.
That gap in health research has now been addressed substantially with the release of a report, The social and emotional wellbeing of Indigenous youth.
The report is the result of years of work by Muru Marri at the UNSW at the behest of the former Commonwealth Department of Families, Housing, Communities and Indigenous Affairs.
Too much bureaucratic effort and media attention in Indigenous affairs has focused on the negative: how government programs and policies can fail and why, how resources can be wasted and lives broken. The constant negativity only reinforces the harm being done to Indigenous people.
This report takes the opposite approach. It seeks – at long last, most will say – to identify what exactly makes good programs succeed in supporting and enabling Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to thrive and succeed.
Six programs, from Sydney, regional NSW, the Northern Territory, Queensland and South Australia, which have been working successfully for extended periods are analysed in detail, and the factors essential to their success identified.
The report was released on Friday at the University of NSW’s fifth annual symposium on Indigenous health research, Dreaming up the future of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander public health.
Associate Professor Melissa Haswell, the report’s lead author, explained the report’s approach: “We already know a lot about negative trajectories that Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander youth are taking.”
But with the programs that work, “what is happening that has helped young people move from the negative to the positive?”
From analysing the six projects, the researchers identified a series of factors critical to success. The projects all did these things – though how they did them sometimes differed in ways appropriate to each one.
The report groups the factors in four concentric layers: from the centre, the way an individual program relates to individual clients, outwards to a program’s sustainability, then to its ability to grow, and last to the outermost layer, the attitude of society as a whole to helping its marginalised members reach their full potential.
Indigenous ways of acting and being are crucial to success.
At the core, for example – the interface between program and client – ten factors are critical to effectiveness. They include:
- working from strengths, not seeking to correct deficits
- patience in developing a relationship, before using it to move towards positive change
- reliability and consistency to build trust
- facilitating connections to Aboriginal culture and community, and witnessing examples of Aboriginal leadership
- a non-judgmental approach, using mistakes to learn better choices
- setting rules and boundaries
- allowing scope for choice and exploration
- celebrating small achievements and positive changes
- fun, creative, enjoyable, inspiring interactions.
Of the four sets of critical factors for success, Melissa Haswell says: ‘You read these and think, “Well, of course.”’
But she says, though they may seem obvious, they can get lost – as the fate of less successful programs shows.
“If we put this list of critical factors first, it will be protected and will guide future programs.”
A keynote address to the symposium from Pat Anderson, chair of the Lowitja Institute, made the case that racism has played a central role in undermining the health system’s performance for Indigenous Australians.
Another keynote speaker, Professor Michelle Chino, from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, described the health and other challenges facing Native Americans as the result of their history of dispossession and neglect or oppression – challenges which the audience will have recognised only too well from the Australian experience.
My own keynote address covered the many pathways to understanding and progress in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health.
The symposium heard of progress on the Gudaga study – a longitudinal study of Aboriginal children in the Tharawal community in south-western Sydney, which after eight years has now evolved into three separate studies, of crucial importance in understanding the link between early life experience and the transition to school for Indigenous children.
Associate Professor Elizabeth Comino told a seminar session of the lengthy and careful process behind the study – the time taken to win the confidence of the community, involving its members and particularly the mothers participating in the study in decisions about the research.
Other papers covered:
- successful programs to increase Indigenous participation in sexual health programs
- how well GPs identify the Indigenous status of their patients
- Aboriginal child health in cities
- the marijuana campaign The gunja brain story
- Indigenous and non-Indigenous participation in school studies
- the social and cultural resilience and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal mothers in prison (SCREAM) project
- alcohol and drug use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men in prison
- factors influencing access to primary health care for Aboriginal people in contact with the justice system (SPRINT)
- Indigenous intervention research, and how it might best be designed
- the Koori Growing Old Well Study
- the work of the Outback Eye Service
- cardiovascular risk among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal smoking male prisoners.
A panel discussion, chaired by Pat Anderson with five other participants (including this writer) discussed issues facing the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander public health workforce.
The list illustrates the strength and the breadth of the research effort now under way into Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health at the UNSW. But their impressive variety and wide scope should not divert attention from the truth at their core.
In the papers, in the panel discussion, and in the Social and Emotional Wellbeing report, one theme stood out: the central importance, when researching Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander phenomena, or devising programs with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, of valuing, and basing all work on Indigenous ways of learning, knowing and being.
Without that solid foundation, effort and resources will continue to be under-utilised appropriately.
• Professor Lisa Jackson Pulver is Director of Muru Marri Indigenous Health Unit at the University of NSW
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